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The Makalu Barun National Park is the eighth national park in the Himalayas of Nepal and was established in 1992 as eastern extension of the Sagarmatha National Park. Covering an area of in the districts of Solukhumbu and Sankhuwasabha it is the world's only protected area with an elevation gain of more than enclosing tropical forest as well as snow-capped peaks. The bufferzone adjacent to the park's southern and southeastern border covers an area of .〔Bhuju, U. R., Shakya, P. R., Basnet, T. B., Shrestha, S. (2007). (''Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book. Protected Areas, Ramsar Sites, and World Heritage Sites'' ). International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, in cooperation with United Nations Environment Programme, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. Kathmandu, Nepal. ISBN 978-92-9115-033-5〕 The rugged summits of Makalu, with the fifth highest mountain of the world, Chamalang (), Baruntse () and Mera () are included in the national park. The protected area extends to about from west to east and to about from north to south. From the Arun river valley in the southeast, located at altitudes of , elevation gains about to the peak of Makalu.〔Carpenter, C. and R. Zomer (1996). ''Forest ecology of the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal''. Mountain Research and Development 16 (2): 135–148.〕 The national park shares the international border with the Qomolangma National Nature Preserve of the Tibet Autonomous Region in the north.〔 The protected area is part of the Sacred Himalayan Landscape. ==History== In the early- and mid-1980s, personnel of The Mountain Institute (TMI) conducted surveys in the Barun Valley to study the biological richness. The results of these surveys led to interest in creating a new protected area. A respective proposal was formulated in 1985. In 1988, the ''Makalu-Barun Conservation Area Project'' (MBNPCA) was initiated as a joint endeavor of the ''Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation'' and TMI.〔 The MBNPCA was officially gazetted in 1991. At the time, about 32,000 people resided in the conservation area's 12 Village Development Committees, who are primarily subsistence farmers of Sherpa, Rai, Gurung, Tamang, Magar, Newar, Brahmin and Chhetri ethnic groups. An innovative community-based conservation approach emphasized management of biodiversity together with local communities. ''Community Forest User Groups'' were created with legal rights to use designated forested areas on a sustainable basis. Ecotourism was promoted as a way of expanding off-farm employment opportunities for local people while at the same time minimizing negative environmental impact. Hunting and trapping of rare and endangered wild animals is strictly prohibited in the MBNPCA, except in extreme cases of threat to human life. There was also a provision for compensating farmers for crop and livestock depredation caused by endangered species.〔Mehta, J. N. and S. R. Kellert (1998). ''Local attitudes toward community-based conservation policy and programmes in Nepal: a case study in the Makalu-Barun Conservation Area''. Environmental Conservation 25 (4): 320–333.〕 In 1999, the conservation area was converted into a buffer zone.〔 Under the ''Buffer Zone Management Guidelines'' the conservation of forests, wildlife and cultural resources received top priority, followed by conservation of other natural resources and development of alternative energy.〔Heinen, J. T. and J. N. Mehta (2000). ''Emerging Issues in Legal and Procedural Aspects of Buffer Zone Management with Case Studies from Nepal''. Journal of Environment and Development 9 (1): 45–67.〕 The inaccessible valleys of the Barun River, the glacier-fed tributary to the Arun River, treasure some of the last remaining pristine forests and alpine meadows. This area has been designated as a ''Strict Nature Reserve'', the first in Nepal, in order to protect natural ecosystems and processes in an undisturbed state for scientific study, environmental monitoring, education and the maintenance of genetic resources.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Makalu Barun National Park」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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